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A week is a unit of time longer than a day and shorter than a month. In most modern societies the week is a period of seven days. The weekly cycle of seven days runs independently of the cycle of a calendar. The common denominator in both cases is the day.

The week as indicator of market day

Although seven day weeks are common to all modern societies now, anthropologists note that weeks of other durations (varying from three to eight days) are found in many pre-modern societies. They also observe that the name for "week" is often the same as that for "market day", suggesting the concept of a week is likely to arise in any agrarian or pre-agrarian society where people have marketplaces or market days. In sparsely populated areas where trade is not conducted every day it is essential that farmers and consumers agree in advance on what day they will meet, especially if the walk to market takes several hours or days. The week (meaning a fixed count of days) was much simpler and more precise way of doing this when compared with a lunar calendar-based system or a system based on the seasonal rotation of the celestial sphere. Being based on a count kept by people rather than on the relative motion of the moon and stars, the week was not "heavenly", but in the traditional seven-day week, this was overcome by assigning the sun, moon, and the five planets known to the ancients (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) each to a specific day of the week.

Origin of the seven-day week

The seven-day week became established in both the West and East according to different paths: 

Hindu, Babylonian, and Jewish seven-day week

The ancient Babylonians observed a seven-day week, stemming from astronomical observation and association. Days and deities were based on the seven heavenly bodies or "luminaries" visible to the naked eye (the Sun, Moon, and 5 visible planets).

The Jewish, Christian, and Muslim seven-day week is modeled on the biblical creation story, in which God created the universe in six days, then rested on the seventh.

Other theories speculate that the fixed seven-day period appeared due to evenly dividing a lunar month into quarters.

Chinese seven-day week

The Chinese use of the seven day week (and thus Korean, Japanese, Tibetan, and Vietnamese use) traces back to the 600s CE. The 28 stars were arranged in order of sun, moon, fire, water, wood, gold, earth, and every 7 days were called "qi-yao". The days were assigned to each of the luminaries, but the week did not affect social life or the official calendar. The law in the Han Dynasty required officials of the empire to rest every 5 days, called "mu", while it was changed into 10 days in the Tang Dynasty, called "huan" or xún (旬). With months being almost 3 weeks long (alternating 29 and 30 days) the weeks were labelled shàng xún (上旬), zhōng xún (中旬), and xià xún (下旬) which mean roughly "upper", "middle" and "lower" week. The 7 days "week" in ancient China is mostly kept in astrological purposes and cited in several Buddhist texts until the Jesuits reintroduced the concept in the 16th century. Thus the 19th century Japanese, when adopting the seven day western week, took their own astrological week with names for the days of the week that corresponded to the English names (and in fact were better preservations of the original Babylonian concepts, the English day names having been conflated with gods from Germanic mythology).

Later use of the week

Various groups of citizens of the Roman Empire adopted the week, especially those who had spent time in the eastern parts of the empire, such as Egypt, where the 7-day week was in use. Contemporaneously, Christians, following the biblical instruction, spread the week's use along with their religion.

As the early Christians evolved from being Jewish to being a distinct group, some groups evolved from celebrating the Jewish Sabbath (Saturday) to celebrating both the Jewish day and the first day or the Lord's Day (Sunday), and finally to celebrating only Sunday.

In 321 CE the Roman Emperor Constantine I decreed that Sunday is to be the day of rest throughout the Roman Empire.

The Jews of the 4th century retained their tradition of Saturday observance, by then 800 to 1700 years old, and continue to do so. Later, after the establishment of Islam, Friday became that religion's day of observance.

Today, Jews and Seventh-Day Adventists retain the observance of Saturday as the Sabbath, beginning from sunset to sunset as declared by Mosaic Law.

The seven-day week soon became a practice among Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Following European colonization and the subsequent rise of global corporate business, the seven-day week has become universal in keeping time, even in cultures that did not practise it before. Because of the two-day weekend, some modern calendars end the week on Sunday and begin it on Monday. The ISO week date, part of the international standard ISO 8601, also defines Monday as the first day of the week. In practice, this means that calendar formats disagree, and that "next week" said on Sunday means "the week beginning tomorrow".

In that international standard, the "first week of the year" is that week which includes the first Thursday of the year. This way, if a year starts in a long weekend Friday–Sunday, week 1 of the year will start after that. Since the New Year's Day itself is a holiday in many countries, this means that the first working day of the year is in week 1.

Weeks and the calendar year

Although without a direct astronomical basis^[clarify] (seven days is just under a quarter of a lunar month), it is widely used as a unit of time, especially in the social and commercial context. Weeks can be thought of as forming an independent continuous calendar running in parallel with various other calendars.

However, some novel calendars have been designed in which the weeks and years are forced into synchronization by adding a leap week or weekless days into the calendar. The advantage of these calendars is that a given date always falls on the same day of the week every year. For example the proposed World Calendar has 52 weeks and one or two extra days each year, while the 18th century French Revolutionary Calendar had 36 weeks of 10 days and five or six extra days. Alternatively, instead of adding extra days outside of weeks, it is possible to add entire weeks to the calendar if the years are allowed to vary in length by more than a day; for example, the former Icelandic calendar had years of 52 or 53 weeks. An early Norse calendar, from the beginning of the Viking Age, had five day weeks, called fimmts, arranged in 12 months of six fimmts each, with five ceremonial days not part of any month. The Hermetic Lunar Week Calendar uses the lunar week which is a quarter of a lunation and has 6, 7, 8 or 9 days (average 7.382647 days).

Days of the week

In Christian tradition, the first day of the seven day week was Sunday. Most business and social calendars in the USA still mark Sunday as the first day of the week.

In English the days of the week are Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday.

Monday is considered in some societies, including most of Europe, to be the first day of the week and is literally named as such in languages such as Mandarin ('xinqiyi') and Lithuanian ('pirmadienis'). The ISO prescribes Monday as the first day of the week with ISO-8601 for software date formats.

Saturday and Sunday are commonly called the weekend and are days of rest and recreation in most western countries. Friday and Saturday are days of rest in some Muslim countries. In Israel, the days of rest are Saturday and either Friday or Sunday, at the option of the individual. The Jewish Sabbath lasts from Friday sunset to Saturday nightfall.

In some countries such as Iran, the weekend is only one day long (Friday) and the week starts on a Saturday. Other Muslim countries have weekends on Thursday and Friday.

As a consequence, all non-weekend days are known as weekdays; compare Feria.

The two-day weekend has become common only during the twentieth century, leading to some calendars placing Sunday at the end of the week.

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